Verpflegungsmehraufwand 2014 Ausland Tabelle Pdf Merge

• Verpflegungsmehraufwand 2014 Ausland Tabelle Pdf Merger

Location within and GermanyCoordinates::CountryGovernment. Governing parties/.4 (of 69)Area. City891.85 km 2 (344.35 sq mi)Elevation34 m (112 ft)Population (30 November 2011). City3,499,879. Density3,900/km 2 (10,000/sq mi).5,963,998. Summer 9030DE-BEB (for earlier signs see note)€ 94.7 billion (2010)DE3WebsiteBerlin (; German pronunciation: ( )) is the city of and one of the 16. With a population of 3.5 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city and is the second and the eighth in the.

Located in northeastern Germany, it is the center of the, which has 5.9 million residents from over 190 nations. Located in the, Berlin is influenced by a seasonal climate.

Around one third of the city's area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers and lakes.First documented in the 13th century, Berlin was the capital of the (1701–1918), the (1871–1918), the (1919–1933) and the (1933–1945). Was the third largest municipality in the world. After, the city became divided into —the capital of —and, a surrounded by the (1961–1989). Following in 1990, the city regained its status as the capital of Germany, hosting 147 foreign embassies.Berlin is a of culture, politics, media, and science.

Its economy is primarily based on the service sector, encompassing a diverse range of, media corporations, and convention venues. Berlin also serves as a continental hub for air and rail transport, and is a popular tourist destination. Significant industries include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, biotechnology, electronics, traffic engineering, and renewable energy.Berlin is home to renowned universities, research institutes, orchestras, museums, and celebrities, as well as host of many sporting events. Its urban settings and historical legacy have made it a popular location for international film productions. The city is well known for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts, public transportation networks and a. Map of Berlin in 1688The earliest evidence of settlements in the area of today's Berlin is a wooden beam dated from approximately 1192. The first written records of towns in the area of present-day Berlin date from the late 12th century.

Is first mentioned in 1197 and in 1209, although these areas did not join Berlin until 1920. The central part of Berlin can be traced back to two towns.

On the is first mentioned in a 1237 document, and Berlin, across the in what is now called the, is referenced in a document from 1244. The former is considered to be the founding date of the city. The two towns over time formed close economic and social ties and eventually merged in 1307 and came to be known as Berlin.In 1435, became the of the, which he ruled until 1440. His successor, established Berlin as capital of the margraviate, and subsequent members of the family ruled until 1918 in Berlin, first as electors of Brandenburg, then as kings of Prussia, and eventually as. In 1448, citizens rebelled in the 'Berlin Indignation' against the construction of a new royal palace by Frederick II Irontooth.

This protest was not successful, however, and the citizenry lost many of its political and economic privileges. In 1451 Berlin became the royal residence of the Brandenburg electors, and Berlin had to give up its status as a free city.

In 1539, the electors and the city officially became. (1712–1786) was one of Europe's.The between 1618 and 1648 devastated Berlin. One third of its houses were damaged or destroyed, and the city lost half of its population., known as the 'Great Elector', who had succeeded his father as ruler in 1640, initiated a policy of promoting immigration and religious tolerance.

With the in 1685, Frederick William offered asylum to the French. More than 15,000 Huguenots went to Brandenburg, of whom 6,000 settled in Berlin. By 1700, approximately 20 percent of Berlin's residents were French, and their cultural influence on the city was immense. Many other immigrants came from,.

Berlin in ruins after (Potsdamer Platz, 1945).At the end of in 1918, a was proclaimed in Berlin. In 1920, the incorporated dozens of suburban cities, villages, and estates around Berlin into an expanded city. This new area encompassed Spandau and in the west, as well as several other areas that are now major municipalities. After this expansion, Berlin had a population of around four million. During the Weimar era, Berlin became internationally renowned as a center of cultural transformation, at the heart of the.On 30 January 1933, and the. Nazi rule destroyed Berlin's Jewish community, which had numbered 170,000 before 1933.

After in 1938, thousands of the city's Jews were imprisoned in the nearby or, in early 1943, were shipped to, such as. During World War II, large parts of Berlin were destroyed in and during the. Among the hundreds of thousands who died during the Battle for Berlin, an estimated 125,000 were civilians.

After the in 1945, Berlin received large numbers of refugees from the Eastern provinces. The victorious powers divided the city into four sectors, analogous to the into which Germany was divided. The sectors of the (the United States, the United Kingdom and France) formed, while the formed.

The in 1986, painted on the western side. People crossing the so-called 'death strip' on the eastern side were at risk of being shot.All four shared administrative responsibilities for Berlin.

However, in 1948, when the Western Allies extended the currency reform in the Western zones of Germany to the three western sectors of Berlin, the imposed a on the access routes to and from West Berlin, which lay entirely inside Soviet-controlled territory. The, conducted by the three western Allies, overcame this blockade by supplying food and other supplies to the city from 24 June 1948 to 11 May 1949. In 1949, the Federal Republic of Germany was founded in and eventually included all of the American, British, and French zones, excluding those three countries' zones in Berlin, while the was proclaimed in East Germany.

West Berlin officially remained an occupied city, but as a it politically was very closely aligned with Federal Republic of Germany despite Berlin's geographic location within East Germany. West Berlin issued its own postage stamps, which were often the same as West German postage stamps but with the additional word 'Berlin' added. Airline service to West Berlin was granted only to American, British, and French airlines. The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989.The founding of the two German states increased tensions. West Berlin was surrounded by East German territory and East Germany proclaimed East Berlin (described as 'Berlin') as its capital, a move that was not recognized by the western powers.

Verpflegungsmehraufwand 2014 Ausland Tabelle Pdf Merger

Although only half the size and population of West Berlin, East Berlin included most of the historic center of the city. The West German government, meanwhile, established itself provisionally in.As a result of the political and economical tensions brought on by the Cold War, on 13 August 1961, East Germany began building of the between East and West Berlin and similar barriers around West Berlin, and events escalated to a tank standoff at on 27 October 1961.

West Berlin was now de facto a part of West Germany with a unique legal status, while East Berlin was de facto a part of East Germany. View over central Berlin. In foreground and skyscrapers of up to the right.Berlin is located in eastern, approximately 60 km (37 mi) west of the border, in an area of low-lying marshy woodlands with a mainly flat topography, part of the vast which stretches all the way from northern to western. The Berlin–Warsaw Urstromtal (ice age ), between the low to the north and the Teltow Plateau to the south, was formed by meltwater flowing from ice sheets at the end of the last. The follows this valley now. In Spandau, Berlin's westernmost borough, the Spree empties into the river, which flows from north to south through western Berlin. The course of the Havel is more like a chain of lakes, the largest being the Tegeler See.

A series of lakes also feeds into the upper Spree, which flows through the in eastern Berlin.Substantial parts of present-day Berlin extend onto the low plateaus on both sides of the Spree Valley. Large parts of the boroughs and lie on the Barnim Plateau, while most of the boroughs, and lie on the Teltow Plateau.The borough of Spandau lies partly within the Berlin Glacial Valley and partly on the Nauen Plain, which stretches to the west of Berlin. The highest elevations in Berlin are the and the in the city's outskirts, and in the centre the. While the latter measures 66 m (217 ft) above sea level, the former have both an elevation of about 115 m (377 ft).

The Teufelsberg is in fact an artificial hill composed of a from the ruins of World War II. The outskirts of Berlin are covered with woodlands and numerous lakesBerlin has a according to the system.Summers are warm and sometimes humid with average high temperatures of 22–25 °C (72–77 °F) and lows of 12–14 °C (54–57 °F).

Winters are relatively cold with average high temperatures of 3 °C (37 °F) and lows of -2 to 0 °C (28 to 32 °F). Spring and autumn are generally chilly to mild. Berlin's built-up area creates a microclimate, with heat stored by the city's buildings. Temperatures can be 4 °C (7 °F) higher in the city than in the surrounding areas.Annual precipitation is 570 millimeters (22 in) with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Light snowfall mainly occurs from December through March, but snow cover does not usually remain for long. Berlin along the Spree river and the by nightBerlin's history has left the city with a highly eclectic array of architecture and buildings. The city's appearance today is predominantly shaped by the key role it played in Germany's history in the 20th century.

Each of the national governments based in Berlin—the 1871 German Empire, the Weimar Republic, Nazi Germany, East Germany, and now the reunified Germany—initiated ambitious (re-) construction programs, with each adding its own distinctive style to the city's architecture. Berlin was devastated by bombing raids during World War II, and many of the buildings that had remained after the war were demolished in the 1950s and 1960s in both West and East Berlin. Much of this demolition was initiated by municipal architecture programs to build new residential or business quarters and main roads.The eastern parts of Berlin have many, reminders of ambitions to create complete residential areas that had fixed ratios of shops, kindergartens and schools to the number of inhabitants. The bySee also:The (TV tower) at in is among the tallest structures in the European Union at 368 meters (1,207 ft). Built in 1969, it is visible throughout most of the central districts of Berlin.

The city can be viewed from its 204 m (669 ft) high observation floor. Starting here the heads east, an avenue lined by monumental residential buildings, designed in the Style of the era. Adjacent to this area is the (City Hall), with its distinctive red-brick architecture. In front of it is the, a fountain featuring a mythological group of, of the four main Prussian rivers and on top of it. The.The is an open-air exhibition of art painted directly on the last existing portions of the Berlin Wall. It is the largest remaining evidence of the city's historical division. It has recently undergone a restoration.The is an iconic landmark of Berlin and Germany.

It also appears on German euro coins (10 cent, 20 cent, and 50 cent). The is the traditional seat of the German Parliament, renovated in the 1950s after severe World War II damage.

The building was again remodeled by British architect in the 1990s and features a glass dome over the session area, which allows free public access to the parliamentary proceedings and magnificent views of the city. At night.The, a square in Berlin whose name dates back to the quarters of the famous Gens d'armes regiment located here in the 18th century, is bordered by two similarly designed cathedrals, the with its observation platform and the. The Konzerthaus (Concert Hall), home of the Berlin Symphony Orchestra, stands between the two cathedrals.The in the houses build from 1830 to 1930 and is a UNESCO World Heritage site. Restoration and the construction of a main entrance to all museums, as well as the reconstruction of the on the same island is costing over 2 billion since reunification. Also located on the island and adjacent to the and palace is, emperor William II's ambitious attempt to create a Protestant counterpart to in Rome. A large crypt houses the remains of some of the earlier Prussian royal family.

The church is now owned by the Protestant umbrella. Like many other buildings, it suffered extensive damage during the Second World War and had to be restored. Berlin's best preserved medieval is the 1 st preaching venue – being the 2 nd – of the Bishop of the, a Protestant. Is Berlin's Roman Catholic cathedral. This letter was sent to Berlin, Germany’s namesake sister city, by Mayor Arthur Scholz in July of 1929Berlin maintains official partnerships with 17 cities. Town twinning between Berlin and other cities began with Los Angeles in 1967.

East Berlin's partnerships were canceled at the time of German reunification and later partially reestablished. West Berlin's partnerships had previously been restricted to the borough level.

During the Cold War era, the partnerships had reflected the different power blocs, with West Berlin partnering with capitals in the West, and East Berlin mostly partnering with cities from the and its allies.There are several joint projects with many other cities, such as, Helsinki, Shanghai, Sydney,. Berlin participates in international city associations such as the Union of the Capitals of the European Union, Eurocities, Network of European Cities of Culture, Metropolis, Summit Conference of the World's Major Cities, Conference of the World's Capital Cities. Berlin's official sister cities are:. 1967, United States. 1987, France.

1988, Spain. 1989, Turkey. 1991, Poland. 1991, Russia.

1991, Hungary. 1992, Belgium. 1993, Indonesia. 1993, Uzbekistan.

1993, Mexico. 1994, China. 1994, Japan. 1994, Argentina. 1995, Czech Republic. 2000, Namibia. 2000, United Kingdom.

Main article:In 2009, the nominal GDP of the citystate Berlin experienced a growth rate of 1.7% (−3.5% in Germany) and totaled €90.1 ($117) billion. Berlin's economy is dominated by the service sector, with around 80% of all companies doing business in services. The unemployment rate reached a 15-year low in September 2011 and stood at 12.7% (German average: 6.6%).Fast-growing economic sectors in Berlin include communications, life sciences, and transportationparticularly services that use information and communication technologies, as well as media and music, advertising and design, biotechnology, environmental services, and medical engineering.

The Science and Business Park of Berlin-Adlershof is among the 15 largest technology parks worldwide. Research and development have high economic significance for the city, and the Berlin–Brandenburg region ranks among the top-three innovative regions in the EU. 2007 EUROSTATAreaPopulationNominal GDP in billionNominal GDP per capitaBerlin892 km 2344 sq mi3,420,000€ 85 / $110€ 24,900 / $32,370357,050 km 2137,858 sq mi82,000,000€ 2,482 / $3,227€ 29,500 / $38,3504,325,675 km 21,670,152 sq mi498,000,000€ 12,363 / $16,072€ 24,900 / $32,370. Is headquartered in Berlin., a company and one of the 30 German companies, is headquartered in Berlin.

The state-owned railway, has its headquarters in Berlin as well. Many German and international companies have business or service centres in the city.Among the 20 largest employers in Berlin are the Deutsche Bahn, the hospital provider, the local public transport provider, and the service provider, Dussmann and the Piepenbrock Group. Manufactures cars, and in Berlin. And Berlin Chemie are major pharmaceutical companies headquartered in the city.

The second largest German airline is also headquartered in Berlin.Berlin has 746 hotels with 112,400 beds as of the end of 2010. The city recorded 20.8 million overnight hotel stays and 9.1 million hotel guests in the same year.

Berlin has a yearly total of about 135 million day visitors, which puts it in third place among the most-visited city destinations in the. Berlin is among the top three convention cities in the world and is home to Europe's biggest convention center, the (ICC). Several large-scale trade fairs like the, ('Green Week'), Artforum and the are held annually in the city, attracting a significant number of business visitors.Industries that do business in the creative arts and entertainment are an important and sizable sector of the economy of Berlin. The creative arts sector comprises music, film, advertising, architecture, art, design, fashion, publishing, TV, radio, and video games. Around 22,600 creative enterprises, predominantly SMEs, generated over 18,6 billion Euro in total revenue. Berlin's creative industries have contributed an estimated 20% of Berlin's gross domestic product in 2005.

The German headquarter of is based in Berlin. Is the largest grade-separated rail station in Europe and has operated since 2006.Berlin's transportation infrastructure is highly complex, providing a diverse range of urban mobility. A total of 979 bridges cross 197 kilometers of inner-city waterways, 5,334 kilometers (3,314 mi) of roads run through Berlin, of which 73 kilometers (45 mi) are motorways ('). In 2006, 1.416 million motor vehicles were registered in the city. With 358 cars per 1000 residents in 2008 (570/1000 in Germany), Berlin as a German state and as a major European city has one of the lowest numbers of cars per capita.Long-distance rail lines connect Berlin with all of the major cities of Germany and with many cities in neighboring European countries. Regional rail lines provide access to the surrounding regions of Brandenburg and to the. The is the largest rail station in Europe.

Runs trains to domestic destinations like, Munich, and others. It also runs an airport express rail service, as well as trains to international destinations like Moscow, Amsterdam, and.The and the Deutsche Bahn manage several dense urban public transport systems.

Berlin Transportation System SystemStations/ Lines/ Net lengthPassengers per yearOperator/ Notes166 / 15 / 331 km (206 mi)376 million/ Mainly overground rail system. Some suburban stops.173 / 10 / 147 km (91 mi)457 million/ Mainly underground rail system. 24hour-service on weekends.398 / 22 / 192 km (119 mi)171 millionBVG/ Operates predominantly in eastern boroughs.2627 / 147 / 1,626 km (1,010 mi)407 millionBVG/ Extensive services in all boroughs. 46 Night Lines6 linesBVG/ All modes of transport can be accessed with the same ticket.Airports. Main article:Berlin is well known for its highly developed bike (cycle) lane system.

It is estimated that Berlin has 710 bicycles per 1000 residents. Around 500,000 daily bike riders accounted for 13% of total traffic in 2009.

Riders have access to 620 km (390 mi) of bike paths including approx. 150 km (93 mi) mandatory bicycle paths, 190 km (120 mi) off-road bicycle routes, 60 km (37 mi) of bike lanes on the roads, 70 km (43 mi) of shared bus lanes which are also open to bicyclists, 100 km (62 mi) of combined pedestrian/bike paths and 50 km (31 mi) of marked bike lanes on the sidewalks. Heizkraftwerk MitteBerlin's energy is mainly supplied by the Swedish firm, which relies more heavily than other electricity producers on as an energy source. Because burning lignite produces harmful emissions, Vattenfall has announced its commitment to transitioning to cleaner sources, such as. In the former West Berlin, electricity was supplied chiefly by thermal power stations. To facilitate buffering during load peaks, were installed during the 1980s at some of these power stations. These were connected by static inverters to the power grid and were loaded during times of low energy consumption and unloaded during periods of high consumption.In 1993 the power grid connections to the surrounding areas, which had been cut in 1951, were restored.

In the western districts of Berlin, nearly all power lines are underground cables; only a 380 kV and a 110 kV line, which run from Reuter substation to the urban, use overhead lines. The was built when West Berlin's electrical grid was not connected to those of East or West Germany. This has now become the backbone of the city's energy grid.Car maker and the electric utility, RWE AG, are going to begin a joint electric car and test project in Berlin called 'E-Mobility Berlin.' Berlin's population 1880–2007.As of March 2010, the city-state of Berlin had a population of 3,440,441 registered inhabitants in an area of 891.82 square kilometers (344.33 sq mi). The city's population density was 3,848 inhabitants per km² (9,966/sq mi).

The urban area of Berlin stretches beyond the city limits and comprises about 3.7 million people, while the metropolitan area of the Berlin-Brandenburg region is home to about 4.3 million in an area of 5,370 km 2 (2,070 sq mi). In 2004, The was home to over 4.9 million people in an area of 17,385 km².National and international migration into the city has a long history.

In 1685, following the revocation of the in France, the city responded with the, which guaranteed religious freedom and tax-free status to French Huguenot refugees for ten years. The in 1920 incorporated many suburbs and surrounding cities of Berlin. It formed most of the territory that comprises modern Berlin. The act increased the area of Berlin from 66 km 2 (25 sq mi) to 883 km 2 (341 sq mi) and the population from 1.9 million to 4 million.Active immigration and asylum politics in West Berlin triggered waves of immigration in the 1960s and 1970s. Currently, Berlin is home to about 250,000 (especially in, and, a locality in the borough of ), making it the largest Turkish community outside of Turkey.In the 1990s the Aussiedlergesetze enabled immigration to Germany of some residents from the former.

Today ethnic from countries of the former Soviet Union make up the largest portion of the Russian-speaking community. The current decade experiences an increasing influx from various Western countries.

Especially young EU-Europeans are settling in the city. Additionally, Berlin has seen a rise of African immigrants during the last two decades.In December 2010, 457,806 residents (13.5% of the population) were of foreign nationality, originating from 190 different countries. The largest groups of foreign nationals are those from Turkey (104,556), Poland (40,988), Serbia (19,230), Italy (15,842), Russia (15,332), France (13,262), Vietnam (13,199), the United States (12,733), Bosnia and Herzegovina (10,198), the United Kingdom (10,191), Croatia (10,104), and Israel (estimated 10,000 ). An estimated 394,000 citizens (12.2%) are descendants of international migrants and have either become naturalized German citizens or obtained citizenship by virtue of birth in Germany. All in all, about 25%–30% of the population is of foreign originAs of 2010, there were approx. 900,000 (approx. 27%) persons with a migrant background resident in Berlin.

However, there are significant differences in the distribution of minorities. For Instance, in the areas of, and, foreign nationals and German nationals with a migrant background make up nearly 70% of the population, whereas areas and localities in former have much lower percentages. The immigrant community is quite diverse, however, (e.g., etc.), and smaller numbers of, and other European immigrants form the largest groups. Approximately 70,000 live in Berlin. Furthermore, there are more than 25 non-indigenous communities and nationalities which have a population of at least 10,000 people such as Turkish, Polish, Russian, Lebanese, Palestinian, Serbian, Italian, Bosnian, Vietnamese, US-American, Romanian, Bulgarian, Chinese, Austrian, Ghanaian, Ukrainian, French, British, Spanish, Israeli, Thai, Iranian, Egyptian, Syrian etc. Held by a congregation and the Protestant umbrella.More than 60% of Berlin residents have no registered religious affiliation and Berlin has been described as the atheist capital of Europe.

The largest denominations are the Protestant of the (a comprising mostly Lutheran, and few Reformed and United Protestant congregations; EKBO is a member of the umbrellas and ) with 19.4% of the population as of 2008, and the Roman Catholic Church with 9.4% of registered members. About 2.7% of the population identify with other Christian denominations and 8.9% are Muslims. Approximately 80% of the 12,000 registered Jews (real number of Jewish people is estimated to be up to 50,000) now residing in Berlin have come from the former Soviet Union. Additionally, Berlin is considered to be one of the fastest growing Jewish communities in the world due to Russian, Israeli and immigrants, whose ancestors fled Germany during the.Berlin is seat of the and also 's elected chairperson is titled bishop of EKBO.

Furthermore Berlin is seat of Orthodox cathedrals, such as the Cathedral of St. Boris the Baptist, one of the two seats of the Diocese of Western and Central Europe, and the Resurrection of Christ Cathedral of the Diocese of Berlin (Patriarchate of Moscow).The faithful of the different religions and denominations maintain many. The has eight parishes of different sizes in Berlin. There are 36 congregations (within ), 29, 15 churches, eight Free Evangelical Congregations, six congregations of, an church and an church in Berlin.Berlin has 76 mosques, eleven synagogues, and two temples. There are also a number of and groups in the city. Statue of outside theBerlin has 878 schools that teach 340,658 children in 13,727 classes and 56,787 trainees in businesses and elsewhere. The city has a six-year primary education program.

After completing primary school, students progress to the Sekundarschule (a comprehensive school) or Gymnasium (college preparatory school). Berlin has a special bilingual school program embedded in the 'Europaschule'. At participating schools, children are taught the curriculum in German and also in a foreign language, starting in primary school and continuing in high school. Throughout nearly all boroughs, nine major European languages can be chosen as foreign languages in 29 schools.The, which was founded in 1689 to teach the children of Huguenot refugees, offers (German/French) instruction. The, a bilingual German–American public school located in, is particularly popular with children of diplomats and the English-speaking expatriate community. In addition, four schools ('Humanistische Gymnasien') teach and, and are renowned for highest academic standards. Two of them are state schools (Steglitzer Gymnasium in and Goethe-Gymnasium in ), one is Protestant ( in Wilmersdorf), and one is Jesuit ( in the 'Embassy Quarter' in ).

The artistically painted is a popular figure seen around downtown Berlin (here in front of city hall)Many young people and international artists continue to settle in the city, and Berlin has established itself as a center of youth and popular culture in Europe.The expanding cultural role of Berlin is underscored by the 2003 announcement that the, Europe's largest annual music industry convention—previously hosted for 15 years by —would move to Berlin. Shortly thereafter, the and MTV also decided to move their European headquarters and main studios to the banks of the River Spree in. In 2005, Berlin was awarded the title of 'City of Design'.

The is the largest publicly attended film festival worldwide.Berlin has Germany's largest number of daily newspapers, with numerous local (, ), and three major, as well as national dailies of varying sizes, each with a different political affiliation, such as,. The, a monthly magazine, is Berlin's English-language periodical focusing on arts and entertainment. Berlin is also the headquarter of the two major German-language and, each of which publishing books, periodicals, and multimedia products.Berlin is an important center in the European. It is home to more than 1000 film and television production companies, 270 movie theaters, and around 300 national and international co-productions are filmed in the region every year. The historic and the production company are located outside Berlin in. The city is also home of the and the German Film Academy, and hosts the annual.

Founded in 1951, the festival has been celebrated annually in February since 1978. With over 430,000 admissions it is the largest publicly attended film festival in the world. The presents an exhibition on two millennia of.Berlin is home to 153 museums. The ensemble on the is a UNESCO and is situated in the northern part of the Spree Island between the Spree and the Kupfergraben. As early as 1841 it was designated a 'district dedicated to art and antiquities' by a royal decree. Subsequently, the (Old Museum) in the Lustgarten displaying the, the (New Museum), (Old National Gallery), and were built there. While these buildings once housed distinct collections, the names of the buildings no longer necessarily correspond to the names of their collections.Apart from the Museum Island, there are many additional museums in the city.

The (Painting Gallery) focuses on the paintings of the 'old masters' from the 13th to the 18th centuries, while the (New National Gallery, built by ) specializes in 20th century European painting. The, located in, exhibits a major collection of modern and contemporary art.

In spring 2006, the expanded re-opened in the Zeughaus with an overview of German history through the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. The is an architecture museum. The reconstructed of Babylon at the.The has a standing exhibition on two millennia of German-Jewish history. The in has a large collection of historical technical artifacts. The exhibits natural history near.

It has the largest mounted dinosaur in the world (a ), and a preserved specimen of the early bird.In, there are several museums of world art and culture, such as the, the, the, as well as the (a museum of the Cold War) and the (an art museum). In, on the grounds of the former East German Ministry for State Security , is the. The site of, one of the most renowned crossing points of the Berlin Wall, is still preserved and also, a private venture which exhibits comprehensive documentation of detailed plans and strategies devised by people who tried to flee from the East. The near claims to be the world's largest erotic museum. Berlin has three major: the, the, and the. The Berlin State Opera on opened in 1742 and is the oldest of the three.

Its current musical director is. The Komische Oper has traditionally specialized in and is located at Unter den Linden as well. The Deutsche Oper opened in 1912 in Charlottenburg.

During the division of the city from 1961 to 1989 it was the only major opera house in West Berlin. The city's main venue for musical theatre performances is the (built 1895).There are seven symphony orchestras in Berlin. The is one of the preeminent orchestras in the world; it is housed in the near Potsdamer Platz on a street named for the orchestra's longest-serving conductor,. The current principal conductor is. The was founded in 1952 as the orchestra for East Berlin, since the Philharmonic was based in West Berlin. Its current principal conductor is. The presents various exhibitions dealing with intercultural issues and stages world music and conferences.

The annual is known as a flat and fast course.Berlin has established a high-profile reputation as a host city of international sporting events. Berlin hosted the and was the host city for the Final. The were held in the in August 2009. The annual and the annual event for athletics are also held here. The World Tour has chosen an inner-city site near Alexanderplatz to present a beach volleyball Grand Slam every year.Open Air gatherings of several hundred thousands spectators have become popular during international football competitions, like the World Cup or the.

Many fans and viewers come together to watch the matches on huge video screens. The event is known as the Fan Mile and takes place at the Brandenburg Gate every two years.Several major clubs representing the most popular spectator sports in Germany have their base in Berlin. ClubSportFoundedLeagueVenueHead Coach18921966Basketball91D.

SigurdssonVolleyball1911DVLMark Lebedew.